Data Quality

How do we know the data is correct enough to trust? Dimensions, tests, distribution checks, freshness and reconciliation — plus what every check still misses.

Data Quality

Every task green, every table populated, and the number still wrong. What "correct enough to trust" means, and why no single check establishes it.

Q · The run succeeded, the tables have rows and the dashboard renders. How do I know the data is correct enough to trust?
The Dimensions of Data Quality

Completeness, accuracy, freshness, uniqueness, validity, consistency — defined precisely, with how each is measured and which one is almost always asserted instead.

Q · When somebody says the data is "good quality", which of six quite different claims are they making, and which of them did anyone actually verify?
Data Tests
▶ lab

Assertions over rows and columns — not null, unique, non-negative, in a set, references valid — and the precise blind spot each one carries.

Q · Which assertions about a table are worth writing first, and what does each one still fail to notice?
Distribution Tests

Every row is valid, every type is right, every key is unique — and today holds a small fraction of a normal day. The checks that compare data with its own history.

Q · How do I detect data that satisfies every structural rule and is obviously wrong to anyone who has seen a normal day?
Freshness Checks

Expected latest data versus actual latest data — the cheapest check in the toolkit, two clocks that get confused, and the days it fires for no reason.

Q · How old is the newest data in this table, how old should it be, and which of those two questions is the dashboard actually answering?
Reconciliation

Count the rows and sum the measure at the source for a closed period, and compare with the serving table. The only check that observes both ends at once.

Q · Every internal check passes. How do I find out whether the number at the end of the pipeline still agrees with the system that produced it?
Quality Alerting

An alert nobody acts on trains people to ignore alerts. Severity from consumer impact, routing to the owner, and the difference between blocking a publish and sending a message.

Q · A check failed. Who should hear about it, how urgently, and should the data have been published at all?
The Data Quality Dashboard
▶ lab

One row per dataset — pipeline, freshness, completeness, status — and a hard rule that a green row is a statement about the checks you wrote, not about the data.

Q · What should a single screen show so that a consumer can decide, in five seconds, whether to trust the table they are about to query?
Who Owns Data Quality

The team that produces a field owns whether it is correct. A data team can measure and report. Placing the whole obligation downstream guarantees it fails.

Q · A column is wrong. Which team is accountable for it being right, and which team is merely the one who noticed?